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Before the omega-3 index can be used in routine clinical evaluation, however, clinical reference values in the population must be established (50). Supplementation with EPA + DHA from fish oil capsules for approximately five months dose-dependently increased the omega-3 index in 115 healthy, young adults (ages, 20-45 years), validating the use of the omega-3 index as a biomarker of EPA + DHA intake (49). It is therefore proposed that the omega-3 index be used as a biomarker for cardiovascular disease risk, with suggested cutoffs as follows: high risk, 8% (48). The EPA + DHA content of red blood cell membranes correlates with that of cardiac muscle cells (45, 46), and several observational studies indicate that a lower omega-3 index is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease mortality (47).
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The omega-3 index is defined as the amount of EPA plus DHA in red blood cell membranes expressed as the percent of total red blood cell membrane fatty acids (44). Studies in rodents have revealed significant impairment of n-3 PUFA deficiency on learning and memory (42, 43), prompting research in humans to assess the impact of omega-3 PUFA on cognitive development and cognitive decline (see Cognitive and visual development and Alzheimer's disease). Plasma DHA concentrations decrease when omega-3 fatty acid intake is insufficient, but no accepted plasma omega-3 fatty acid or eicosanoid concentrations indicative of impaired health status have been defined (1).
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Isolated omega-3 fatty acid deficiency does not result in increased plasma triene:tetraene ratios, and skin atrophy and dermatitis are absent (1). A young girl who received intravenous lipid emulsions with very little ALA developed visual problems and sensory neuropathy these conditions were resolved when she was administered an emulsion containing more ALA (41). Omega-3 fatty acid deficiencyĪt least one case of isolated omega-3 fatty acid deficiency has been reported. It has been proposed that essential fatty acid deficiency may play a role in the pathology of protein-energy malnutrition (36). Essential fatty acid deficiency has also been found to occur in patients with chronic fat malabsorption (39) and in patients with cystic fibrosis (40). When glucose-free amino acid solutions were used, parenteral nutrition up to 14 days did not result in biochemical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency. In these cases, the continuous glucose infusion resulted in high circulating insulin concentrations, which inhibited the release of essential fatty acids stored in adipose tissue. In patients who were given total parenteral nutrition containing fat-free, glucose- amino acid mixtures, biochemical signs of essential fatty acid deficiency developed in as little as 7 to 10 days (38).
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A plasma eicosatrienoic acid:arachidonic acid (triene:tetraene) ratio greater than 0.2 is generally considered indicative of essential fatty acid deficiency (35, 37). Consequently, synthesis of the omega-9 fatty acid eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n-9, mead acid, or 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid) increases only when dietary intakes of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are very low therefore, mead acid is one marker of essential fatty acid deficiency (36). (More information )ĭHA supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the risks of early premature birth (birth before 34 weeks' gestation) and very low birth weight ( omega-6 > omega-9. Genetic polymorphisms in fatty acid synthesizing enzymes can have a significant impact on fatty acid concentrations in the body. ( More information )īoth dietary intake and endogenous metabolism influence whole body status of essential fatty acids. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFA in particular exert anti-inflammatory effects it is recommended to increase their presence in the diet. (More information)īoth omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids are important structural components of cell membranes, serve as precursors to bioactive lipid mediators, and provide a source of energy. The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), can be synthesized from ALA, but due to low conversion efficiency, it is recommended to consume foods rich in EPA and DHA. Linoleic acid (LA), an omega-6 fatty acid, and α-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, are considered essential fatty acids because they cannot be synthesized by humans.
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Healthcare Professional Continuing Education.
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Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives.